DISTRIBUSI SPASIAL KESESUAIAN KUALITAS AIRTANAH UNTUK IRIGASI PADA TOPOGRAFI DATARAN DAN PERBUKITAN DI DAERAH TROPIS
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Abstract
Groundwater is the primary irrigation water source when surface water does not meet its needs, especially during the dry season. Studying groundwater quality and its suitability for irrigation is crucial because it can have an impact on the quality of agricultural land, particularly the fertility of the soil and plants. This study aimed to distinguish the suitability of groundwater quality for irrigation purposes in plain and hilly topography. Groundwater samples were taken from 13 wells scattered throughout the study area, which includes plains and hills. Groundwater sample testing includes various parameters such as DHL, Cl-, HCO3-, Na+, B, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+. Analysis of groundwater quality for irrigation uses several methods, namely salinity hazard, sodium hazard (SAR), RSC, ion toxicity, sodium percentage (%Na), magnesium hazard (MHR), Kelly's ratio, and permeability index. The analysis results show that most groundwater samples have excellent values for each analysis method. Spatially, groundwater samples from plains areas have better quality than those from wells in hilly areas. Even so, all groundwater in the plains and hills can still be used for irrigation purposes even though groundwater from wells on the hills has various potential hazards or adverse effects on soil and plants.
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References
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Ali, S. A., Sarhat, A. R., Muhammed, A. H., & Qamber, V. A. (2022). Representative map analysis and assessment of groundwater quality for agricultural uses in Northwest of Khanaqeen, Diyala, Iraq. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1120(1), 012021.
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Anam, N. K., & Adji, T. N. (2018). Karakteristik Akuifer Bebas Pada Sebagian Cekungan Air Tanah (CAT) Yogyakarta-Sleman Di Kecamatan Pleret, Kabupaten Bantul, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Jurnal Bumi Indonesia, 7(2), 260721.
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Bauder, T. A., Waskom, R. M., Sutherland, P. L., Davis, J. G., Follett, R. H., & Soltanpour, P. N. (2011). Irrigation water quality criteria. Extension soils specialist and professor, soil and crop sciences, 0.506.
Çadraku, H. S. (2021). Groundwater quality assessment for irrigation: case study in the Blinaja river basin, Kosovo. Civil Engineering Journal, 7(9), 1515–1528.
Collins, R., & Jenkins, A. (1996). The impact of agricultural land use on stream chemistry in the middle hills of the Himalayas, Nepal. Journal of Hydrology, 185(1–4), 71–86.
Dieter, C. A. (2018). Water availability and use science program: Estimated use of water in the United States in 2015. Reston: U.S. Geological Survey.
Doneen, L. D. (1964). Notes on water quality in agriculture. Water science and engineering paper, 4001.
Eaton, F. M. (1950). Significance of carbonates in irrigation waters. Soil science, 69(2), 123–134.
Fipps, G. (2003). Standards and salinity management and salinity management water analysis. Agrilife extension, Texas A&M System.
Glover, C. R. (1996). Irrigation Water Classification Systems, Guide A-116, New Mexico State University. NMSU and the US Department of Agriculture.
Kafkafi, U. (2011). Effects of chlorides in effluents used for irrigation on the irrigated crops. Israel Journal of Plant Sciences, 59(2–4), 139–146.
Kaloterakis, N., van Delden, S. H., Hartley, S., & De Deyn, G. B. (2021). Silicon application and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria consisting of six pure Bacillus species alleviate salinity stress in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L). Scientia Horticulturae, 288, 110383.
Keesari, T., Ramakumar, K. L., Chidambaram, S., Pethperumal, S., & Thilagavathi, R. (2016). Understanding the hydrochemical behavior of groundwater and its suitability for drinking and agricultural purposes in Pondicherry area, South India–a step towards sustainable development. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 2, 143–153.
Kelley, W. P. (1946). Permissible composition and concentration of irrigation waters. In: Proceeding American Society of Civil Engineering.
Kelley, W. P. (1963). Use of saline irrigation water. Soil science, 95(6), 385–391.
Ludwick, A .E., Campbell, K. B., Johnson, R. D., McClain, L. J., Millaway, R. M., Purcell, S. L., Phillips, I. L., Rush, D. W., & Waters, J. A. 1990. Water and plant growth. Western Fertilizer Handbook–horticulture Edition, Interstate Publishers Inc, Illinois, 15–43.
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Malakar, A., Snow, D. D., & Ray, C. (2019). Irrigation water quality—A contemporary perspective. Water, 11(7), 1482.
Nagarajan, R., Rajmohan, N., Mahendran, U., & Senthamilkumar, S. (2010). Evaluation of groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and agricultural use in Thanjavur city, Tamil Nadu, India. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 171, 289–308.
Panneerselvam, B., Muniraj, K., Thomas, M., Ravichandran, N., & Bidorn, B. (2021). Identifying influencing groundwater parameter on human health associate with irrigation indices using the Automatic Linear Model (ALM) in a semi-arid region in India. Environmental Research, 202, 111778.
Purwanto, P., & Ikhsan, J. (2006). Analisis Kebutuhan Air Irigasi Pada Daerah Irigasi Bendung Mrican1. Semesta Teknika, 9(1), 83–93.
Raghunath, H. M. (1987). Ground water: hydrogeology, ground water survey and pumping tests, rural water supply and irrigation systems. Delhi: New Age International.
Ramesh, K., & Elango, L. (2012). Groundwater quality and its suitability for domestic and agricultural use in Tondiar river basin, Tamil Nadu, India. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 184, 3887–3899.
Richards, L. A. (1954). Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils (No. 60). Washington: US Government Printing Office.
Rufino, F., Busico, G., Cuoco, E., Darrah, T. H., & Tedesco, D. (2019). Evaluating the suitability of urban groundwater resources for drinking water and irrigation purposes: an integrated approach in the Agro-Aversano area of Southern Italy. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191, 1–17.
Saleh, A., Al-Ruwaih, F., & Shehata, M. (1999). Hydrogeochemical processes operating within the main aquifers of Kuwait. Journal of Arid Environments, 42(3), 195–209.
Santosa, L.W. & Adji, T.N. 2014. Karakteristik Akuifer dan Potensi Airtanah Graben Bantul. Yogyakarta: UGM Press.
Sari, A. K. (2019). Analisis Kebutuhan Air Irigasi untuk Lahan Persawahan Dusun To’pongo Desa Awo Gading Kecamatan Lamasi. PENA TEKNIK: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-ilmu Teknik, 4(1), 47–51.
Shammi, M., Rahman, R., Rahman, M. M., Moniruzzaman, M., Bodrud-Doza, M., Karmakar, B., & Uddin, M. K. (2016). Assessment of salinity hazard in existing water resources for irrigation and potentiality of conjunctive uses: a case report from Gopalganj District, Bangladesh. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 2, 369–378.
Singh, N., Singh, R. P., Kamal, V., Sen, R., & Mukherjee, S. (2015). Assessment of hydrogeochemistry and the quality of groundwater in 24-Parganas districts, West Bengal. Environmental Earth Sciences, 73, 375–386.
Siswoyo, H., & Kurniawan, J. (2021). Penilaian Kualitas Air Tanah di Kecamatan Jenu Kabupaten Tuban Berdasarkan Indeks Kualitas Air Irigasi. Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Batanghari Jambi, 21(2), 879–884.
Siswoyo, H., Juwono, P.T., & Taufiq, M. (2018). Potensi Bahaya Salinitas dan Bahaya Alkalinitas Sumber Daya Air Tanah untuk Irigasi di Kabupaten Mojokerto. Prosiding SNITT POLTEKBA. Balikpapan: Politeknik Negeri Balikpapan.
Subramani, T., Elango, L., & Damodarasamy, S. R. (2005). Groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and agricultural use in Chithar River Basin, Tamil Nadu, India. Environmental Geology, 47, 1099–1110.
Sutrisno, C. T., & Eni, S. (2004). Teknologi Penyediaan Air Bersih. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.
Thilagavathi, R., Chidambaram, S., Prasanna, M. V., Thivya, C., & Singaraja, C. (2012). A study on groundwater geochemistry and water quality in layered aquifers system of Pondicherry region, southeast India. Applied water science, 2, 253–269.
Thivya, C., Chidambaram, S., Singaraja, C., Thilagavathi, R., Prasanna, M. V., Anandhan, P., & Jainab, I. (2013). A study on the significance of lithology in groundwater quality of Madurai district, Tamil Nadu (India). Environment, development and sustainability, 15, 1365–1387.
Thorne, D. W. (1954). Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils: US Salinity Laboratory Staff USDA Agricultural Handbook 60. Washington: Government Printing Office.
Todd, D. K. (1980) Groundwater hydrology. New York: Wiley.
Trivedy, R. K., & Goel, P. K. (1984). Chemical and biological methods for water pollution studies. Environmental publications.
Wilcox, L. V. (1955). Classification and Use of Irrigation Waters. New York: US Department of Agriculture.
Zaman, M., Shahid, S. A., & Heng, L. (2018). Irrigation Water Quality. In: Guideline for Salinity Assessment, Mitigation and Adaptation Using Nuclear and Related Techniques. Cham: Springer Nature.
Ali, S. A., Sarhat, A. R., Muhammed, A. H., & Qamber, V. A. (2022). Representative map analysis and assessment of groundwater quality for agricultural uses in Northwest of Khanaqeen, Diyala, Iraq. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1120(1), 012021.
Allan, J. D., Castillo, M. M., & Capps, K. A. (2021). Stream ecology: structure and function of running waters. Springer Nature.
Amwele, H. R., Kgabi, N. A., & Kandjibi, L. I. (2021). Sustainability of Groundwater for Irrigation Purposes in Semi-arid Parts of Namibia. Frontiers in Water, 3, 767496.
Anam, N. K., & Adji, T. N. (2018). Karakteristik Akuifer Bebas Pada Sebagian Cekungan Air Tanah (CAT) Yogyakarta-Sleman Di Kecamatan Pleret, Kabupaten Bantul, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Jurnal Bumi Indonesia, 7(2), 260721.
Ayers, R. S., & Westcot, D. W. (1985). Water quality for agriculture (Vol. 29, p. 174). Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Bauder, T. A., Waskom, R. M., Sutherland, P. L., Davis, J. G., Follett, R. H., & Soltanpour, P. N. (2011). Irrigation water quality criteria. Extension soils specialist and professor, soil and crop sciences, 0.506.
Çadraku, H. S. (2021). Groundwater quality assessment for irrigation: case study in the Blinaja river basin, Kosovo. Civil Engineering Journal, 7(9), 1515–1528.
Collins, R., & Jenkins, A. (1996). The impact of agricultural land use on stream chemistry in the middle hills of the Himalayas, Nepal. Journal of Hydrology, 185(1–4), 71–86.
Dieter, C. A. (2018). Water availability and use science program: Estimated use of water in the United States in 2015. Reston: U.S. Geological Survey.
Doneen, L. D. (1964). Notes on water quality in agriculture. Water science and engineering paper, 4001.
Eaton, F. M. (1950). Significance of carbonates in irrigation waters. Soil science, 69(2), 123–134.
Fipps, G. (2003). Standards and salinity management and salinity management water analysis. Agrilife extension, Texas A&M System.
Glover, C. R. (1996). Irrigation Water Classification Systems, Guide A-116, New Mexico State University. NMSU and the US Department of Agriculture.
Kafkafi, U. (2011). Effects of chlorides in effluents used for irrigation on the irrigated crops. Israel Journal of Plant Sciences, 59(2–4), 139–146.
Kaloterakis, N., van Delden, S. H., Hartley, S., & De Deyn, G. B. (2021). Silicon application and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria consisting of six pure Bacillus species alleviate salinity stress in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L). Scientia Horticulturae, 288, 110383.
Keesari, T., Ramakumar, K. L., Chidambaram, S., Pethperumal, S., & Thilagavathi, R. (2016). Understanding the hydrochemical behavior of groundwater and its suitability for drinking and agricultural purposes in Pondicherry area, South India–a step towards sustainable development. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 2, 143–153.
Kelley, W. P. (1946). Permissible composition and concentration of irrigation waters. In: Proceeding American Society of Civil Engineering.
Kelley, W. P. (1963). Use of saline irrigation water. Soil science, 95(6), 385–391.
Ludwick, A .E., Campbell, K. B., Johnson, R. D., McClain, L. J., Millaway, R. M., Purcell, S. L., Phillips, I. L., Rush, D. W., & Waters, J. A. 1990. Water and plant growth. Western Fertilizer Handbook–horticulture Edition, Interstate Publishers Inc, Illinois, 15–43.
Mahmoud, E. M., El Din, M. M. N., & Riad, P. (2021). The effect of irrigation and drainage management on crop yield in the Egyptian Delta: Case of El-Baradi area. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 12(1), 119–134.
Malakar, A., Snow, D. D., & Ray, C. (2019). Irrigation water quality—A contemporary perspective. Water, 11(7), 1482.
Nagarajan, R., Rajmohan, N., Mahendran, U., & Senthamilkumar, S. (2010). Evaluation of groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and agricultural use in Thanjavur city, Tamil Nadu, India. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 171, 289–308.
Panneerselvam, B., Muniraj, K., Thomas, M., Ravichandran, N., & Bidorn, B. (2021). Identifying influencing groundwater parameter on human health associate with irrigation indices using the Automatic Linear Model (ALM) in a semi-arid region in India. Environmental Research, 202, 111778.
Purwanto, P., & Ikhsan, J. (2006). Analisis Kebutuhan Air Irigasi Pada Daerah Irigasi Bendung Mrican1. Semesta Teknika, 9(1), 83–93.
Raghunath, H. M. (1987). Ground water: hydrogeology, ground water survey and pumping tests, rural water supply and irrigation systems. Delhi: New Age International.
Ramesh, K., & Elango, L. (2012). Groundwater quality and its suitability for domestic and agricultural use in Tondiar river basin, Tamil Nadu, India. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 184, 3887–3899.
Richards, L. A. (1954). Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils (No. 60). Washington: US Government Printing Office.
Rufino, F., Busico, G., Cuoco, E., Darrah, T. H., & Tedesco, D. (2019). Evaluating the suitability of urban groundwater resources for drinking water and irrigation purposes: an integrated approach in the Agro-Aversano area of Southern Italy. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 191, 1–17.
Saleh, A., Al-Ruwaih, F., & Shehata, M. (1999). Hydrogeochemical processes operating within the main aquifers of Kuwait. Journal of Arid Environments, 42(3), 195–209.
Santosa, L.W. & Adji, T.N. 2014. Karakteristik Akuifer dan Potensi Airtanah Graben Bantul. Yogyakarta: UGM Press.
Sari, A. K. (2019). Analisis Kebutuhan Air Irigasi untuk Lahan Persawahan Dusun To’pongo Desa Awo Gading Kecamatan Lamasi. PENA TEKNIK: Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-ilmu Teknik, 4(1), 47–51.
Shammi, M., Rahman, R., Rahman, M. M., Moniruzzaman, M., Bodrud-Doza, M., Karmakar, B., & Uddin, M. K. (2016). Assessment of salinity hazard in existing water resources for irrigation and potentiality of conjunctive uses: a case report from Gopalganj District, Bangladesh. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 2, 369–378.
Singh, N., Singh, R. P., Kamal, V., Sen, R., & Mukherjee, S. (2015). Assessment of hydrogeochemistry and the quality of groundwater in 24-Parganas districts, West Bengal. Environmental Earth Sciences, 73, 375–386.
Siswoyo, H., & Kurniawan, J. (2021). Penilaian Kualitas Air Tanah di Kecamatan Jenu Kabupaten Tuban Berdasarkan Indeks Kualitas Air Irigasi. Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Batanghari Jambi, 21(2), 879–884.
Siswoyo, H., Juwono, P.T., & Taufiq, M. (2018). Potensi Bahaya Salinitas dan Bahaya Alkalinitas Sumber Daya Air Tanah untuk Irigasi di Kabupaten Mojokerto. Prosiding SNITT POLTEKBA. Balikpapan: Politeknik Negeri Balikpapan.
Subramani, T., Elango, L., & Damodarasamy, S. R. (2005). Groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and agricultural use in Chithar River Basin, Tamil Nadu, India. Environmental Geology, 47, 1099–1110.
Sutrisno, C. T., & Eni, S. (2004). Teknologi Penyediaan Air Bersih. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.
Thilagavathi, R., Chidambaram, S., Prasanna, M. V., Thivya, C., & Singaraja, C. (2012). A study on groundwater geochemistry and water quality in layered aquifers system of Pondicherry region, southeast India. Applied water science, 2, 253–269.
Thivya, C., Chidambaram, S., Singaraja, C., Thilagavathi, R., Prasanna, M. V., Anandhan, P., & Jainab, I. (2013). A study on the significance of lithology in groundwater quality of Madurai district, Tamil Nadu (India). Environment, development and sustainability, 15, 1365–1387.
Thorne, D. W. (1954). Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils: US Salinity Laboratory Staff USDA Agricultural Handbook 60. Washington: Government Printing Office.
Todd, D. K. (1980) Groundwater hydrology. New York: Wiley.
Trivedy, R. K., & Goel, P. K. (1984). Chemical and biological methods for water pollution studies. Environmental publications.
Wilcox, L. V. (1955). Classification and Use of Irrigation Waters. New York: US Department of Agriculture.
Zaman, M., Shahid, S. A., & Heng, L. (2018). Irrigation Water Quality. In: Guideline for Salinity Assessment, Mitigation and Adaptation Using Nuclear and Related Techniques. Cham: Springer Nature.